Reflective evaluation of the skills of counselling

Reflective evaluation of the skills of counselling This essay is a reflective evaluation of the skills of counselling applied to loss and grief in a students process of learning how to travel the journey of the therapeutic relationship with the client. The essay will contain reflections of verbatim examples from during the practice session in which Steven Felice is the client, and Caroline Roberts the counsellor. The essay will also discuss via relevant literature the process of person-centred counselling in the focus of loss through bonds of attachment and continuing bonds. The practice session took place in counselling room two, at ACAP on the 21st of April 2010, between Steven Felice and Caroline Roberts. Steven wanted to discuss the loss of a friendship. This friendship for Steven was a friendship that had begun in early childhood and carried a deep bond of attachment, for which Steven is finding the loss hard to accept. During the session I spent the majority of the time listening to Steven and reflecting as best I could the content and emotion of his experience. When dealing with loss in relation to friendships it is important to offer the client the same respect to emotional depth of expression as that of a person experiencing loss from a death. For Steven the loss of significance surrounded his childhood friend no longer wishing to be as close as usual due to her recent change of religious affiliation. For Steven this seems difficult to accept, as he was willing to try to understand and acknowledge her needs and she seems to have rejected him. He also seems to feel loss around his confidence with how he relates and interacts with people, which appears to be trust related issues. Almost a loss of innocence has been triggered by the loss of this important attachment bond. Loss is such an immense part of living and loving that it would be difficult to counsel without an understanding of the theory of attachment. Mallon (2008) suggests understanding attachment in grief and loss counselling is essential due to the basis that all human relationships are based in attachment, from the first attachment to ones mother, extending through lifes interactions to include those called friends and lovers. Neimeyer, Baldwin, Gillies (2006) discuss how with the loss of a loved one, people tend to keep the attachment alive and well within their memories, stories, dreams, images, and even music or ornaments. When a loved one is no longer in presence, then the attachment and relationship changes but it does not cease to exist, the relationship is merely rewritten or shifted to another reality or perception. As is the case with Stevens relationship, at 16:04 Steven says, he fights in his own head when asked about the whether he is still maintaining the relationship, which would seem to indicate quite clearly that he is continuing the bond and relationship even though she is unaware of this. During the session I felt I established rapport, and was present with Steven, as well as using active listening, reflection, and questions, although I could have phrased these more appropriately, I also used silence to allow Steven his thoughts. I dont know that I was able to apply a structured assessment during the session, as in trying to purposely work on coping skills, support systems, and spiritual or cultural dimensions. However I feel that we talked about these issues in the course of the session as reflection, active listening and questioning allowed these issues to come into play, especially when silence was used, allowing Steven to process and actualise his sense of spiritual connection and personal experiences and expectations. I would like to reflect on my skills as an awaking, a process of realisation about how one is appropriate in being curious, respectful, congruent, empathic, and present simultaneously, without getting in ones own way. Rogers (1942-2008) suggests that the counselling relationship provides a safe respectful environment in which the client feels comfortable and accepted enough to express their feelings knowing that the counsellor will not judge them, but will listen and support them. As a grief, loss and bereavement counsellor I feel it would be very beneficial to hone my skills around person-centred counselling, with particular focus on attachment theory and continuing bonds. Person-centred counselling is such a great grounding for doing no harm, as it is based in Rogerss core conditions. Tolan (2003) describes the core conditions as requiring the counsellor to be mentally and emotionally present and remove themselves from the clients story by simply listening without judgment or bias, with respect, congruence, and empathy, no forgetting unconditional positive regard. Bryant-Jefferies (2006) explains presence as a line of communication whereby both client and counsellor are empathically aware of eac h other. With the felt presence, the most significant element would be whether or not the client feels they are being understood, which can be demonstrated with appropriate reflection. During the session I felt that Steven and I were in a place of empathic contact, established through good rapport, and staying as present as possible. I feel I can improve my sense of presence as time allows skills to become second nature, as right now I often get in my own way by worrying about whether or not I am demonstrating all the necessary skills. For example my art of reflection still needs to develop as shown with these examples; C: 06:27; so youre missing the previous style of relationship and interaction that you had from. S: yeah, yeah I need that Some of my language could probably be improved by saying; I sense you are missing the closeness of your relationship. Also I need to be mindful of using words like so, as it can carry a feeling of judgement if the tone is not just right. Another example; C: 09:47; so you just said that, if I go back to you saying, that you are asking yourself about the relevance of keeping someone, now youre sort of talking about the boundaries and stuff, is that related. S: ah, by keeping someone and having boundaries as such, I feel like it, like when I meet a new person now.. Again I begin with so, I think I actually begin nearly every reflection with so. Note to self do not say so. The reflection would be better if I phrased it; I hear you questioning your feelings towards getting close to another affects you, which seems to be bring up the need for boundaries, could you tell me more about that. Around 08:45: I ask; so was she an intimate friend or I made Steven uncomfortable as you can see by his body language, where instead I could have asked; could you tell me more about that, or what did that childhood friendship mean for you. The art of the question is another skill I need to practice, especially with careful open questions instead of closed blunt or, the too intrusive kind of questions. Nelson-Jones (2009) suggests that even though some background information can help the counsellor understand the clients background, open questions allow the client to express their story how they wish to, instead of the counsellor meeting their agenda. Respect is the underlying need in all questions with open questions such as, what does that mean for you, being a respectfully gentle asking for the clients meaning, and also another way to monitor counsellor curiosity with respect to the client. I could really hear that Steven attaches to people very deeply and quickly or easily, and I wanted to explore that with him, but alas my skills in how to achieve that need practise. Attachment is such a deep seated need and reflex that helps one find and express love that I feel its importance cannot be overlooked. Russell-Chapin and Smith (2008) talk about the undeniable reality that love and loss are part of the whole experience of human attachment, with the point being that the more attached the relationship the more the loss may be felt and experienced. In addition they discuss how beneficial it can be to tell stories, and share our losses, as a way of continuing the life of ones loved one, for which the word anamnesis is used to describe the experience of remembering and representing our recollections and experiences of shared living with our lost loved one in the present moment. Here I relate to continuing bonds as there is sometimes no escaping the thoughts that float through ones consciousness and replay events, conversations, images, and special moments. Attig (2000) summed up the experience as the continuing of ones connection with those one loved when he stated; the richness of lasting love consoles us (p283). Such words truly express how much sense it makes to keep on loving, keep remembering, keep dreaming, and keep sharing the memories of those we love, whose bodily presence is no longer tangible. Continuing bonds wi th ones loved ones also brings up how much attachment plays in relationships, for if no attachment is felt, no meaningful relationship exists, and therefore no need to miss or remember. Around 14:10; Steven begins telling me how his friend is involved in certain religious practices. At 14:22; I reflect C: So youre worried about her. Steven continues his story and I feel it is important to listen and use silence here as I sense he might need to hear his thoughts process this. Geldard Geldard (2008) express how new counsellors often find silence difficult because they are worried about appearing to demonstrate the skills required. However once the silence has become a comfortable reflex the counsellor can allow the client the precious moments of reflection often needed to mentally sit in a thought and own the feeling. Palmer Milner (2003) suggest that silence can be a very supportive space for the client to contemplate their thoughts when used appropriately and respectfully in a comfortable measure. Silence is a skill that requires self acceptance and a certain measure of self-assured comfort to be able to sit with the client when they require a moment to contemplate. Steven, given a moment to silently think then begins to reflect on his own spirituality in connection with the reactions he is experiencing. Walsh (2004) suggests that in some cases a person may be grieving their spiritual connection to self, brought into awareness by an experience of loss. As does feeling the loss of physical, emotional, or relational, connections, this could in turn affect ones ability to find some resolution within ones life. This is not surprising considering spirituality is one of the concepts that give life meaning in death as it does in life. Walsh (2004b) goes on to explain that peoples spiritual beliefs cross generations and evolve and develop, as family cultures evolve and develop, embedding and adjusting values and beliefs that surround not only life and love but also death. When I look at the experience of loss Steven has shared with me, and consider how I could have explored this more to address his coping style, support system, spiritual or religious beliefs, as well as his cultural influences, I am not sure at my level of competency in twenty minutes how to achieve all of that whilst respectfully listening to his story and allowing the client to lead and own the session. Johns (2005) cites Rogerss who states The degree to which I can create relationships which facilitate the growth of others as separate persons is a measure of the growth I have achieved in myself (p5). This statement is a very powerful truth to which I feel as a counsellor is the aim of self development and a very necessary goal to practice and reflect constantly on the skills. Johns (2005b) explores some of the ways in which counsellor skills can be practiced, including personal counselling, doing practice sessions, keeping diary of skills development, taking risks when practicing t o develop confidence, thereby, learning to relax and own the space of self within the counselling dynamic. Personally I have volunteered at my local church to get actual practice and develop my confidence as well as my skills. I also believe that going through the process of being a volunteer within the counselling realm will also help me to understand more about myself and where I wish to focus my future as a counsellor. So here in lies how I intend to move forward to becoming a better counsellor and person. To conclude this wonderful and challenging self reflection, I would like to acknowledge that I am growing as a counsellor. I am learning how important the theories and models associated with bereavement are vital to allow a counsellor to be of actual assistance to a person suffering. I am confirmed through my research of the theories and models, that love and attachment are vital in life, death, and counselling. Being able to workshop my faults and successes is also a vital process in the development of my use and understanding of not just the skills but why they are so important, particularly in the field of counselling in loss.

The Whale Rider Movie Theology Religion Essay

The Whale Rider Movie Theology Religion Essay His leadership style is Authoritarian autocratic. This style is used when leaders advise their employees what they want completed and how they want it capable, without getting the advice of their followers (Lewin, 1939). Koro is driven by his vision of a patri-lineal leadership restoring the integrity of his people. He is determined that the male line be unbroken. Koro is a very stubborn, harsh, severe chief who dominates in everything that the people do. When he believes in something, he under no circumstances changes his decisions. He is definite and powerful in all that he says and does and he hardly ever appreciates others work and effort. Koro is defensive with his beliefs and opinions and is blind towards any proof that opposes his faith. His leadership style is not people-oriented at all as he is selfish, isnt sympathetic or sensitive and never considers other peoples feelings. However he is absolutely honest to his tikanga to his understanding of Maori culture and customs an d to the teachings of his ancestors. But with that honesty comes stubbornness and a pride and thats what trips him up. Pai Koros grand-daughter Paikea is a servant leader. According to Michael McKinney (2000) is an individual who maintain what is best for all individuals even if it may not be in their individual concern to do so. A custodial position must be approached as a short-term role, preserving something greater than the self-values of long-term and long-lasting value. This is a thought of mind that focus on the job at hand and not on what the leader may achieve from the situation. It implies a caring and concerned connection between leaders and followers; individuals enthused by their essential best interests.   Pai was a strong willed girl who was born to be a leader even though koro didnt see that straight away. Persistence is a key factor of a leader. Pai was a great leader and showed many leadership qualities such as loyalty, strength and confidence. Her grandfather koro was always trying to block out all the leadership skills she portrayed as he wanted the new chief to be a male as it was part of their tradition. Pai faces many challenges caused by herself, Koro and her culture which she handles them with maturity and determination. She never gives up and is never disheartened by the fact that she is a girl and is over looked by her grandfather. Pai falls in extraversion personality of leadership as she displays throughout the movies the traits of warmth, seeking novelty and excitement, assertive, cheerful, and talkative and action oriented. Critique of effectiveness as a leader: Koro was a very effective leader as he took charge over his people and the old traditions were very important to him and he wanted everyone else to feel the same way. Koro could see the people get more distant and realised his leadership is not working so he started to search for a leader. Koro spent his life looking for a new leader he could not see that Pai was right in front of him. Koro refuses to acknowledge Pai as leader despite her constantly showing herself to be more competent than any of the boys. In the film when Koro screams, You dont mess around with sacred things, you can feel the strength of his belief but Pai is equally determined, and so the battle is joined. However in the end he accepts Pai as a leader. Paikea was a strong willed girl who was born to be a leader even though koro didnt see that straight away. Persistence is a key factor of a leader.Throughout the movie, Pai has to not only fulfill the tribes expectations; she has to go beyond them. Not only does she carry out her role brilliantly, she realizes that there is a need for the whale rider and steps up to fulfill her role. For example, at her first school concert, when all her peers were misbehaving, Pai continues to sing, keeping her focus, determined to prove that she is serious about the tribes culture and her ambitions to become the whale rider. This event proved to the community that Pai cared more for the tribe than most of the other boys. Pai tried many ways to change this fact and expectation and prejudice. For example, she overcomes this challenge by learning the ways of the tribe, including chants, the art of the taiaha and actively participating in community life. Pai worked very hard to impress Koro and hence she is a very effective leader. The type of power held: Koro hold legitimate power. It refers to different types of professional positions. Koro has high expectations for the local community and is deeply disappointed when he realises that there will be no son and heir to continue as Chief. Even though he loves Pai, he will not allow himself to see her potential as a leader because she is a girl. The struggle to find an appropriate leader and how leadership is needed to sustain a successful community was present in Koros leadership style. Pai holds referent power that is gained by organization. Pai is very strong willed, powerful and brave. Her qualities and skills are noticed by all of the people around her, as her bravery carried her through such difficult times where she felt neglected and Koro said that everything went wrong after she was born. When Pai knew she had the qualities to be the next chief and Koro didnt register, she persisted through his rudeness and eventually became the next chief in training. This is the type of power she had. How they used this power: Koro, the leader of a community that was once dominated by ancient rules and laws passed down many generations, struggles to find a suitable leader who can improve the way of life and bring back the traditions and laws that were once obeyed by the people. Koro is blind to this though because he believes that the next leader has to be a boy hence Koro did not use his power to his maximum. Throughout the movie, Paikea shows resilience, persistence and dignity all good qualities of a leader. She never gives up and is never disheartened by the fact that she is a girl and is over looked by her grandfather. We see her testing the old ways, and undertaking the difficult demands of traditional soldier practice. It is she who goes into the sea to bring back Koros prize possession. She used her power to the betterment of the community. Throughout the movie, Paikea battles her way so that Koro sees that she is good enough to become the leader hence she used her power well. Discussion / evaluation to leadership theory Using the trait theory, with Pai, she is adaptable to situations, is assertive, co-operative, energetic, persistent, self- confident and is willing to assume responsibility and is diplomatic and tactful. Several elements of Pais leadership is displayed, example her comments about smoking and health, fixing the rope, learning about her culture, participating in the life of the community. As Paikea exerts herself to Koro, she shows skills of a leader. For example, she shows confidence in standing up for what she thinks is right. When Koro yelled or got angry at Paikea she did not hold a grudge or shut everyone out, she kept fighting! In one scene in the film, Pai invites Koro to a concert where she is to perform a speech in her native language (Te Reo). She tells him that he is her guest of honour. The scene opens with teacups laid out and people bringing food. Pai requests that a chair is left for her grandfather, but he doesnt turn up. She makes her speech despite her huge disappointment that Koro is not there to see her. She is announced the winner of the speech competition. Using Great Man theory with Koro, he has a lot of rules he has to live by. He is the boss. The question is why does Pai support Koro even though he is so harsh to her? She understands some of his concerns about being a leader. Type of organisation, level of seniority and its effects On the East coast of New Zealand, the Whangara citizens consider their existence there dates reverse a thousand years or more to a single ancestor, Paikea, who fugitive death when his canoe turn over by riding to coast on the backside of a whale. From then on, Whangara chiefs always the first-born is male who have been considered Paikeas descendants. Pai a 12-year-old girl in a patriarchal New Zealand tribe, believe she is meant to be the new chief. However her grandfather Koro is restricted by custom to pick a male leader. Pai loves Koro more than any person in the world, but she must fight him and a thousand years of custom to fulfil her destiny. Koro is the chief of the village and has the most seniority as he is the head of the traditional tribe. The people in the village took pride in their tradition and culture which enabled him to be listened and obeyed. Individual culture and its effect(s) In the film Maori tradition and culture has been displayed and this formed the beliefs between the two characters, Koro and Pai. Both of them cared for their village and dedicated themselves into the Maori culture and tradition for have a successful outcome. The film shows that culture is important and that working together makes everything better. Other leadership concepts and ideologies identified The film shows that no matter who the person may be, with the qualities of a leader, one can bring unity to the tribe. The film also shows how resilience is a significant aspect of being a leader. Pai had spirit, every time Koro shot her down she would get back up and keep trying. It also has an implication of womens rights and equality between men and women. In the film Pai had all the qualities of a leader, still she was dominated because according to the culture women cannot be leaders. The film especially highlights the fact that leaders have to respect the other members of the community as well as having the right characteristics of leadership. I also learnt good and bad trait in a leader from the roles of Pai and Koro. The community scenes on the Marae, working together to help the whales, paddling in unison in the waka at the end shows the togetherness of the community. IN GOOD COMPANY In Good Company is a comedy. Drama, romance movie that was released in 2004.This movie commences with Waterman Publishing and its flagship magazine Sports America being acquired by Globecom International in a corporate takeover. The two main leaders which have been chosen for this assignment are Dan Foreman (Dennis Quaid) and Carter Duryea (Topher Grace). Dan Foreman is a 51 year old head of advertising sales for a major sports magazine that has 20 years of experience as well. He is happily married with two daughters and who is also expecting a new child. Dan faces a life changing event when he was demoted to second in order of advertising and was replaced by Carter Duryea. Carter is 26 year old, newlywed of 7months and was dumped by his wife just as he gets the promotion. He talks a good game about sales but he doesnt have any experience from the field. Robbins and Judge (2007) defined leadership as ability to control a group toward the success of a vision or set of goals. Leadership styles The leadership style showed by Dan Foreman was charismatic leadership. The Charismatic Leader gathers group through dint of behaviour and charisma, rather than any form of exterior power. It is attractive to watch a Charismatic Leader working the region as they move from person to person. They pay much consideration to the individual they are chatting to at any one instant, making that person think like they are, for that time, the most significant person in the world. Charismatic Leaders pay a great deal of concern in scanning and reading their surroundings, and are good at picking up the mood and concerns of both individuals and big audience. They then will sharpen up their actions and words to suit the situation. In the film, when the employees were fired from their job, Dan took responsibility to inform them because he was concerned about their feelings, and that he would be able to comfort them rather than Carter as he has been working with them for many years. Musser (1987) notes that charismatic leaders seek to inspire both commitment to ideological goal and also commitment to themselves. The extent to which either of these two goals is leading depends on the underlying motivation and needs of the leader vary anything. Despite their charm and perceptible concern, the Charismatic Leader may well be rather more concerned with themselves than anybody else. The leadership style showed by Carter Duryea was Transactional leadership. The transactional leader works through creating clear arrangement whereby it is clear what is necessary of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for following instructions. When the Transactional Leader assigns work to a subordinate, they are measured to be fully liable for it, whether or not they have the ability to carry it out. Transactional leadership is based in possibility in that prize or penalty is conditional upon presentation. Carter is been appointed as the head of marketing for the Sports America magazine to increase the sales for the company. According to Ohio state studies (1940) transactional leader is considered as task oriented. Effectiveness of a leader Dan is a effective leader. Dan motivates his employee and is very loyal to them. He is outspoken person and takes stand for his employees. Every employee respects him and trusts him. Carter wasnt effective leader. He doesnt have experience in the job which was given to him but he was very good in his job. He was outspoken and very convincing since the first day at work. Type of power(s) Dan has charisma power- person who has charisma will have optimistic influence on workers and create the chance for interpersonal pressure. Dan is very effective and when he speaks, people listen to him. In the film when he question to Teddy K everyone listen to him carefully. He also has Referent power: comes from being trusted and respected. The new boss (Carter) respects and trusts him. Carter Duryea holds legitimate power. The power describe leader has position of power on his team. In the film Carter is head of marketing company, he is very good in decision making and convinces people. He is very active and intelligent in his work. Carter uses his power in very effective way. He uses his power to motive others and clearly identify common goal of company. But some time he abuses his position power by firing employee. Scene from movie A scene from the movie that shows the leadership analyses for two leaders is the when Dan asked question to Teddy K when he was talking about to put one section about computers in sports America magazine. Then Dan stopped him and asked I dont understood what you are trying to say. It shows how effective he is while asking question to Teddy k and everyone is listening to him. Even Mr Teddy K impressed by him and said Dan Foreman Sports America, you ask some excellent questions. Another situation in the movie shows Carter leadership when Carter is discussing about sacking with Dan. He explained to Dan he have to cut off same salary by sacking people from sales department. Carter is transactional leader and always follows his company procedure and standard. Dan wants to save his old employee and said to Carter my salary is bigger than them why dont you sack me instead of them. But Carter convinces him because he has to follow his bosss orders. Type of organisation, level of seniority and its effects Sports America magazine owned by Globecom, it is a national sports magazine and Dan spent 20 year of his life as head of advertising sales department. After that multimedia company buy it and assign Carter as new boss. Carter is on the most senior position in multimedia company. He is responsible for company sales and managing staff. He is assigned leader and power to reward and punish anyone in the organisation. Individual culture and its effect(s) Culture and tradition plays very important role both Dan carter lives. Dan is 51 year old man has loving family. He has two daughters Alex (18 year old) and Jana (16 year old). He has been very happy from his family and doing very well in his professional life. Carter is 26 year old young man and very successful in his professional life. His wife left him in the beginning of the film. He is executive officer in the organisation. He fell in love with Alex (Dans daughter) which creates uncomfortable situation between them. Leadership theories Contingency theory is illustrate to large extend in this film. According to this leadership theory leader effectiveness in group is depends on two factors: leader task or relation motivation and changes in situations. The scale least preferred co-worker is use to identify leader is task oriented or relation oriented. Leader who gets high marks on scale is people oriented and who got less mark on scale is task oriented. In the film Dan got high mark in least preferred co-worker because he is always concern about his employee. Even he is ready to leave his job to save employee work. On the other hand carter got less mark on scale because he is only concern about his task. He follows the orders given to him by the boss and never thinks about employee. He fired some employees from organisation as well. The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring is an epic fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson. This story is set in the world of Tolkiens establishment, known as Middle Earth. It is based on the first of three volumes of the epic novel The Lord of the Rings (1954-1955) created by JRR Tolkien. It was followed by The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). It is filmed in various locations in New Zealand in 2001. In the story of a hobbit called Bilbo Baggins  has stolen the ring from a hideous creature called  Gollum. Somehow, this ring ends up with  Frodo Baggins, Bilbos nephew and all of a sudden, Frodo is at the centre of this epic play involving the ring that he knows very little about. The Fellowship of the ring is established; including nine individuals in which are Gandalf, Legolas the elf, Gimli the Dwarf, Aragorn, Boromir and his three Hobbit friends Merry, Pippin and Samwise. They went through mountains, snow, darkness, forests, rivers and plains, facing evil and danger of every corner to destroy Fellowship of the Ring. Introduction The two leaders which have been chosen for my assignment are Gandalf much like Aragorn as Strider. Gandalf is a Wizard of surpassing power and intelligence. He has awe-inspiring and the touchingly human qualities. Aragon hides an extraordinary amount of power, greatness, and knowledge under a humble exterior. Leadership Styles Gandalf is the transformational leader-leader who puts enthusiasm and power into all. They care about you and want you to success. Transformational Leaders are always observable and will rise up to be counted rather than conceal behind their troops. They show by their attitudes and performance how everybody should behave. They also make continuous hard work to inspire and rally their followers, always doing the rounds, listening, comforting and enthusing. It is their reliable pledge as much as something else that keeps people going mainly through the darker period when some may query whether the dream can ever be achieved. Overall, they balance their mind between act that creates development and the psychological state of their supporters. Perhaps they are people-oriented and consider that victory comes first and last through deep and continuous commitment. According to Stephen Warrilow (2013) transformational leadership is all about values and meaning, and a purpose that transcends short-term goals and focuses on higher order needs. Gandalf was the leader of The Fellowship of the Ring: getting the ring into Mordor to destroy was his goal but he was proved that that he capable of doing more and more. He was an adviser to Frodo and Aragorn and uninspired them both to grow to be better people and attain knowledge plus self actualisation (the higher order of needs). He clearly knew his vision and uninspired his followers to accomplish it. Bernard M Bass (1985) says transformational leader is a type of  leadership style  that measures the influence of followers first. The followers of such a leader feel trust, admiration, loyalty and respect for the leader. In movie Gandalf motivates Frodo to be brave and tells him if he doesnt takes the ring to destroy, and then no one will destroy it and it wont ever be destroyed. He inspired Frodo and he didnt hesitate to continue but pleased Gandalf. Aragorn is a charismatic leader. Charismatic leaders are often thought of as heros that are able to use their personal fascination to lead others. But that charismatic allure can be both an approval and a nuisance on society. Thats because charisma can be used for the good of a company for honourable reasons. Conger Kanungo (1998) describe five behavioural attributes of Charismatic Leaders that indicate a more transformational perspective image and expression, warmth to the environment, consideration to member needs, individual risk taking, performing unconventional behaviour. Aragorn was a brave man: he saved the hobbits lives in Bree by fighting with the Uruk-hai and showed good leadership by saving the lives of the team members and also by making wise decisions. The Charismatic Leader gathers supporters through dint of behaviour and charisma, rather than any form of external power. It is interesting to watch a Charismatic Leader running the area as they move from individual to individual. They pay much consideration to the individuals they are talking to at any one instant, making that individual feel like they are, for that point in time, the most significant individual in the world. Charismatic Leaders pay attention in scanning and analysing their surroundings, and are good at picking up the moods and concerns of both individuals and big audiences. They then will sharpen their actions and expression to suit the circumstances. Charismatic Leaders use a wide variety of methods to supervise their picture and if they are not naturally charismatic, may practice attentively at developing their skills. They may prompt trust through observable selflessness and taking own risks in the name of their values. They show great self-confidence in their followers. They are very convincing and make very useful use of body words as well as oral language. The Charismatic Leader will typically connect themselves strongly to the personality of the group, such that to join the group is to become one with the leader. The Fellowship of the Ring Aragorn was sometimes unsure of his ability to lead others but when it came to his team members he did his level best to motivate them. When qu estioned about why he does not immediately offer proof of his identity to the hobbits in Bree, one of his answers is simply that he wishes the hobbits would count him as a friend without knowledge of his lineage indeed; he is tired of being constantly asked. Musser (1987) notes that charismatic leaders seek to inspire both dedication to ideological goals and also commitment to themselves. The level to which either of these two goals is leading depends on the fundamental motivations and requirements of the leader amend anything. Despite their charm and perceptible concern, the Charismatic Leader may well be somewhat more anxious with themselves than anybody else. A typical experience with them is that whilst you are talking with them, it is like being immersed in a warm and pleasant shine, in which they are very persuasive. . In the film when Frodo decides to break the fellowship Aragorn obeys his decision by telling the hobbits that if I had the chance to go I would have gone with you to the end, into the very fires of Mordor and then motivates others. Effectiveness of a leader: Gandalf is intelligent and relatively capable while people listen to him. Gandalf had high values; he appreciated everyone and wasnt using his powers to arrange others but only to direct others. Aragon was thoughtful, trustworthy and open leader. The both leaders had clear idea and common aim to destroy ring and were very effective leaders. Type of power Gandalf have legitimate power. Legitimate power is the power that a leader gets by evasion due to his position in an organisation; a leader basically is distinguished from a follower due to the greater rights and responsibility he has than others i.e. additional rights that legitimate power bestows and distinguishes him from followers. He has some supernatural powers and a lot of knowledge about middle-earth. He also has referent power .This is at times thought of as charisma, charm, admiration, or appeal. Referent power comes from one person love and respecting another, and powerfully identifying with that person in some way. Celebrities have referent power, which is why they can manipulate everything from what individuals buy to whom they choose to office. In a workplace, a person with charm often makes everyone feel good, so he or she tends to have a lot of influence. Gandalf is 2nd wizard and he used his power to save fellowship of ring and fight with fire dragon which lead him t o death. Gandalf used his power very fairly and he sacrificed his life to save his group. Aragorn has charisma power: Charisma has been seen as politically dubious characteristics of individuals in the society and it has been searched the psychological mechanisms which lead to the emergence of charismatic leaders and their attraction to the people that follow them which describes a special person qualities making him capable inspire large number of people. Aragorn is a very effective leader and when he speaks, everyone listens and follows him. In the film when Gandalf is dead, Aragon starts leading the group; everyone follows him without any questions. Aragorn also used his power to motivate others and lead them in correct path. He has the qualities of encouraging people and making them believe him. Type of organisation, level of seniority and its effect(s) The fellowship of the ring was destroyed in Rivendell fictional second age of middle-earth. The Fellowship involved nine members who joined the journey to Mordor to destroy ring in Mount Doom fires. The mission included four hobbits Frodo Baggins and his three friends Merry, Pippin and Samwise, with travelling companions Gandalf a wizard, Aragorn a human ranger, two man from Gondor, Gimli a dwarf warrior and Legolas an Elven prince. Gandalf was leader of the group and also Aragorn was assigned as the leader when Gandalf was killed. Gandalf was chosen as leader of the fellowship of the ring. The group approved him as a leader because he was the eldest and valued person He was a very effectual leader; every one respects him and obeys and follows his decisions. Aragorn was the only king in companionship but he never used his power as a king, but he inspired and motivated people by using his leadership qualities. According to Great man theory one having inherit capacity of leadership great leaders are born with traits that make them natural leaders. Aragorn took responsibilities of the situations and came up with solutions to solve them. Individual culture and its effect(s) Culture and ritual played very important part of both leaders life. Gandalf was 2nd wizard who fought with Saruman 1st wizard who abused his powers to destroy the mankind. Aragorn was king of the Gondor. No one knew that he was living in Rivendell as ranger after his father loss. Both Gandalf and Aragorn have done the best to keep mankind safe in middle-earth by leading Frodo in destroying the ring. Leadership theories The film illustrates Ohio State studies (1940s) which states two dimensions of leader behaviour. First is Consideration where a leader exhibits concern for the welfare of the members of the group such as it is people oriented. Second is Initiating structure is where a leader defines how the tasks are to be accomplished by the group such as it is task oriented. In the film Gandalf is concerned of their followers emotion and opinions, but he was also in charge for mission which should be finished.

In this experiment I am going to investigate how different :: Bilogy

In this experiment I am going to investigate how different concentrations of sucrose solution can alter the process of osmosis on a potato chip, and in what way it does this. Osmosis Aim: In this experiment I am going to investigate how different concentrations of sucrose solution can alter the process of osmosis on a potato chip, and in what way it does this. Prediction: I predict that due to osmosis and diffusion when there is a pure water solution the potato chip will swell as it absorbs the water to equalise. However, if there is a mild/rich sucrose solution on the out side of the potato chip it will shrink as water is sucked out of them by the process of osmosis. Research: If substance has a semi-permeable wall with holes small enough to allow small water molecules to pass through but not big enough to allow greater sized molecules such as sucrose molecules. Osmosis is a type of diffusion; when there is a higher concentration of a certain type of molecule on one side of a semi-permeable membrane, a process of diffusion (osmosis) tries to level out the balance of the highly concentrated solution to lower the concentration until it is equal on both sides. For example: Some water is placed in a science beaker (A), and then some 20% sucrose 80% water solution is placed in a piece of visking tubing (D). When this is placed in the water contained in the beaker (A) there becomes an imbalance of concentrations either side of the semi-permeable membrane, on the inside of the membrane there is a stronger concentration or ratio of sucrose against water than there is in the outside. Therefore the sucrose would be required to equalise, by 10% or so moving to the outside of the tubing, there comes the problem. Due to the size of the small holes in the visking tubing, big molecules, such as sugar, C6H12O6 that is 24 atoms big, cannot pass through, however small ones such as water, H2O with three atoms to a molecule, can. Therefore, since there is no way of moving the sugar, the best thing to do is to add more water to the inside of the visking tubing. By osmosis and diffusion, the smaller molecules move into the visking tubing whilst the bigger sugar molecules stay. That is osmosis. Plants also use this method to provide nutrients and various chemicals to their cells. Equipment: For my experiment I will need a total of: Four test tubes; one potato; 2%, 5%, 10%, 20% sucrose and water solution; one knife; one marble cutting plate; aluminium foil; four sticky labels. Method: 1. Cut the potato into equal strips and weigh them.

The Conquoring of Othello in Shakespeares Story :: essays research papers

When we first meet Othello in Venice as he calmly responds to the passionate accusations of Brabantio he is, indeed, dignified and virtuous. Once Iago begins so to weave his sinister web, however, the worthy â€Å"general† changes quickly with the poison, and he does seem ill equipped to deal with the evil plan. Yet it is doubtful that it is Othello goodness which explains his destruction. To understand what happens to him, rather, we need to consider his ‘nine years’ on the ‘tentered field’ and his lack of experience with women – and men – beyond that. His experience is compounded by the insecurity he feels as a Moor in a racist society of Venice, and when confronted with the cunning and unmitigated evil of Iago, he is easily conquered. The calm dignity of Othello on his first appearance contrasts with what Iago and Brabantio have said about him in Act 1, Scene 1 (Roderigo and Iago telling Brabantio of Desdemona and Othello getting married). Othello is faced with an exceptionally rude, infuriated Brabantio. Othello’s response, â€Å"keep your bright swords for the dew will rust them†, exhibits his calm authority, rather than his supposes tendency to self – dramatization. Othello is a valuable and reliable soldier in the Venetian army. When Cyprus is threatened by the Turks, Othello is ordered to go to the battle. This shows that he is deeply trusted by the Venetians and he proves him self time and time again to be a priceless soldier. As we watch Othello rapidly sink into Iago’s trap, he becomes an irate, insecure, callous and irrational man. He no longer speaks and behaves sagaciously. He is now brutal, vindictive, and violent. He never really sees his own role in the tragedy, he sees him self as an honourable soldier. Iago succeeds in making Othello believe his loyal wife is having an affair with his lieutenant, Cassio, a belief that leads Othello to killing his Desdemona and later himself when he realises that he was wrongly and merely tricked by Iago. Although Othello does stab Iago, Iago lives. Iago uses him cunningness to destroy Othello. At the beginning of Act 3, Scene 3, Othello is perfectly happy with his marriage, and at the end of the play, he is planing to murder Desdemona and Cassio. To some extent it is Othello’s own nature and background, however which is respected for the ease with which Iago ruined him. The Conquoring of Othello in Shakespeare's Story :: essays research papers When we first meet Othello in Venice as he calmly responds to the passionate accusations of Brabantio he is, indeed, dignified and virtuous. Once Iago begins so to weave his sinister web, however, the worthy â€Å"general† changes quickly with the poison, and he does seem ill equipped to deal with the evil plan. Yet it is doubtful that it is Othello goodness which explains his destruction. To understand what happens to him, rather, we need to consider his ‘nine years’ on the ‘tentered field’ and his lack of experience with women – and men – beyond that. His experience is compounded by the insecurity he feels as a Moor in a racist society of Venice, and when confronted with the cunning and unmitigated evil of Iago, he is easily conquered. The calm dignity of Othello on his first appearance contrasts with what Iago and Brabantio have said about him in Act 1, Scene 1 (Roderigo and Iago telling Brabantio of Desdemona and Othello getting married). Othello is faced with an exceptionally rude, infuriated Brabantio. Othello’s response, â€Å"keep your bright swords for the dew will rust them†, exhibits his calm authority, rather than his supposes tendency to self – dramatization. Othello is a valuable and reliable soldier in the Venetian army. When Cyprus is threatened by the Turks, Othello is ordered to go to the battle. This shows that he is deeply trusted by the Venetians and he proves him self time and time again to be a priceless soldier. As we watch Othello rapidly sink into Iago’s trap, he becomes an irate, insecure, callous and irrational man. He no longer speaks and behaves sagaciously. He is now brutal, vindictive, and violent. He never really sees his own role in the tragedy, he sees him self as an honourable soldier. Iago succeeds in making Othello believe his loyal wife is having an affair with his lieutenant, Cassio, a belief that leads Othello to killing his Desdemona and later himself when he realises that he was wrongly and merely tricked by Iago. Although Othello does stab Iago, Iago lives. Iago uses him cunningness to destroy Othello. At the beginning of Act 3, Scene 3, Othello is perfectly happy with his marriage, and at the end of the play, he is planing to murder Desdemona and Cassio. To some extent it is Othello’s own nature and background, however which is respected for the ease with which Iago ruined him.

One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Essay -- essays research papers

One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest The significance of the title can be interpreted in this quote. The story is about a struggle in a psychiatric ward, where many “cuckoos'; reside, “Ting. Tingle, tingle, tremble toes, she’s a good fisherman, catches hens, puts ‘em in pens… wire blier, limber lock, three geese inna flock… one flew east, one flew west, one flew over the cuckoo’s nest… O-U-T spells out… goose swoops down and plucks you out.'; This is where the title comes from, the cuckoo’s nest being the psychiatric ward and McMurphy being the goose who plucks “you'; out. The author of this book is Ken Kesey, also author of Demon Box and Sometimes a Great Notion. Kesey was born in La Junta, Colorado. He graduated from the University of Oregon, and later studied a Stanford. Kesey was head of a group called The Merry Pranksters, who traveled around the country staging happenings. Kesey’s playful attitude is reflected in the main character, McMurphy, who is often pulling pranks in the psychiatric ward. The oppression of society is a big theme in the novel. The narrator (Chief Bromden) often reflects on how the Combine is taking over. The Big Nurse is never happy unless there is complete order in her ward. She often holds group meetings, in which she belittles her patients to where they are merely rabbits, and not men. Often, when a patient would act inflammatory, she would place him in Disturbed. There was always the threat of Electro-shock therapy, and even lobotomy. The only way to get out of the ward was if you gave up your personality and conformed to her rules. Most of the patients who are in the ward were forced there because of the oppression they faced outside of the hospital. Chief Bromden’s father was the chief of his village. The government was trying to push him off his land, and although he tried to maintain his way of life, his people were being bribed, and his wife would work on him too, until all he became was a drunk, inept man. Harding (another patient) comm itted himself because he couldn’t take society’s forefinger pointing at him, whilst millions chanted, “Shame, shame, shame!'; Even at the climax of the novel, McMurphy wasn’t acting on his own. “We could... ...night, have to crawl around on my hands and knees feeling underneath the springs till I find my gobs of gum stuck there. Nobody complains about the fog. I know why, now; as bad as it is, you can slip back I it and fell safe. That’s what McMurphy can’t understand, us wanting to be safe. He keeps trying to drag us out of the fog, out in the open where we’d be easy to get.'; – Chief Bromden commenting on the fog. This quote illustrates the fog, which symbolizes confusion and naivete of the patients. Ignorance is bliss to these people and it’s hard for McMurphy to understand that. “Old Rawler. Cut both his nuts off and bled to death, sitting right on the can in the latrine, half a dozen people with him didn’t know it till he fell off to the floor, dead. What makes people so impatient is what I can’t figure; all the guy had to do was wait.'; – Chief Bromden reflecting on the dead guy. This quote helps set the mood for the novel and many of the patients. They seem to possess a prison-like attitude, with scorn and cynicism. It also shows that the ward is not a nice place to live; kind of depressing.

Rationale †Antigone Essay

For our scripted piece we used a scene from Antigone. Originally written by Greek author, Sophocles about 2500 years ago, it was re-written by a French author called Jean Anouilh around the time of WWII. Anouilh’s intensions differed from that of Sophocles due to the difference in time periods; in the later version, Antigone represents the French resistance against the Nazi occupation. As it was written during WWII it took a long time for the Nazis to allow it to go onstage because of what Antigone represented. The reason they let it be performed was down to the character Creon, the king of Thebes. In the scene between him and Antigone, the Nazis thought the dialogue represented a point of view that was for a dictatorial society. Antigone tells the story of a girl, whose brothers fought over the throne, both brothers met their end, introducing a theme of death due to rivalry and jealousy. Eteocles, the brother who had the throne at the time, was given a proper burial, whereas Polynices, who was seen as the enemy, was left outside and refused a burial. Everyone in the city of Thebes was told by the new king, Creon, that anyone who attempted to bury Polynices would be put to death, creating the theme of loyalty. Antigone is adamant that Polynices should be given a burial and takes matters into her own hands, she sneaks out of the palace in the middle of the night and covers Polynices’ body over with dirt. Polynices is then uncovered by the Guard. Antigone finds out and again, attempts to cover over Polynices. This time she is discovered by the Guard and is taken to Creon. As Antigone is the former king’s daughter, Creon is hesitant when punishing her, and offers a way out. But Antigone is not ashamed of what she has done and is determined to be punished for her crime. At the end of the play Antigone is put in cave by the Guard and left there to die. We chose this play as it contains many themes, such as love, pride, anger, and loyalty. Also I liked the history behind the play, the story that wasn’t included within the script. The life of Oedipus, Antigone’s father, the prophecy that he heard and how he married his mother and as a result had four children. I liked it because it was unusual, complex and difficult to fully understand. One moral I think Antigone portrays quite well is that you should always stand up for what you believe in and what you think is right. It shows this through Antigone’s character and the fact that she is so headstrong and certain of what she wants. Also an issue that is portrayed throughout the play is that love is a very strong emotion and can overcome many situations, this is shown by the relationships between Antigone and her sister Ismeme, Antigone and her nurse and Antigone and her fiance Haemon. My chosen scene included Antigone and Nurse, who was trying to find out where Antigone had been in the night. It was the opening scene of the play and was very powerful as it introduced the character of Antigone and the relationship she has with Nurse. I played Nurse and my partner, Frances, played Antigone. I chose to play Nurse because she tries many different ways to get Antigone to tell her where she has been. She tries to make Antigone feel guilty, by saying â€Å"You half kill yourself to bring them up, and they’re all the same. † She also gets angry with Antigone, this is evident when she says â€Å"do you know what I ought to do? I ought to give you a good spanking, just like when you were a little girl. † Another tactic she employs is that of trying to make Antigone feel sympathetic towards her by saying â€Å"What would your mother say if she were here now? You silly old fool, she’d say. So you couldn’t keep my little girl virtuous for me? † I knew that these tactics would enable me to change the tone of my voice throughout the performance and use a variety of space. By playing Nurse I intended to portray the relationship that Antigone and Nurse possessed. I also wanted to improve on my interaction as an actor and by playing this part it enabled me to build on what I was already capable of. When I first read the scene I imagined the two characters in a grand bedroom that had a very old fashioned interior, such as what one would expect to see in a stately home. A room that was quite cluttered with elaborate ornaments and decorative pieces. Obviously this would be hard to create on a small stage and also it would restrict the amount of space that was available for moving in. Devised-Behind the Face Our devised piece was based on many themes taken from Antigone, such as loyalty, cruelty and pride but the main theme was anger. I chose to base it upon anger because there are many different ways to portray it and there are lots of different ways of dealing with it. This gave me a wide range of options to choose from when devising the piece. I researched anger and it’s causes and came up with many different results, for instance: There are three different types of anger: Rage – Rage is the expression of violent, uncontrolled anger. Rage is an outward expression of anger and can result in a visible, often destructive, explosion. Resentment – Resentment is the feeling of anger directed towards a person or object which is suppressed and kept inside. It is a feeling which smoulders and feels uncomfortable, and can possibly create more physiological and psychological damage. Indignation – Indignation is regarded as an appropriate, controlled, positive type of anger. When writing my devised piece I wanted to put across that you should let out your anger and stand up for what you think is right so I decided on a story line that contained a young girl (Harriett) who knew what she wanted but was too scared to stand up for herself. This resulted in her becoming angry internally, but she was unable to let go of her anger and express herself. So I created another character that only she could hear. This character was the internal anger that Harriett was feeling, and tried to make her see that she had to let go of her anger and stand up for herself rather than being pushed around by everyone else because she was an easy target. I chose to play an emotion instead of a person because I wanted to portray the differences between each aspect of the emotion. I wanted to create three sections on the stage so we weren’t just using a small part of it, however still allowing for use of most of the space available. I also wanted to create a strange atmosphere, one that makes the audience feel uncomfortable, so they could relate to Harriett’s feelings. I wanted the tempo to vary too, as I wanted Harriett’s character to be quiet and subdued, and the character that played her anger to be loud, intimidating and patronising. I also wanted the rhythms to alternate to make the piece more interesting for the audience.

Film Editing Essay

The 1972 film The Godfather directed by Francis Ford Coppolla based on the novel by Mario Puzo that takes one inside the world of the Mafia as shown in the Corleone family where its patriarch, Don Vito is the â€Å"Godfather† but later, the focus of the film would later on shift to his son Michael who at first was not part of the Mafia family, but later on gradually joined it until he became the Godfather. The rise of Michael Corleone from being a â€Å"civilian† to Godfather is made possible by a well-coordinated cinematography which also involves editing. Editing is a film technique where reels of film are subjected to â€Å"cut and paste† in order to weave the scenes into a seamless sequences of events that unfold the moment it hits the silver screen. In this film, the producers make use the continuous editing technique. This approach is employed for the purpose of maintaining continuous or clear narrative action. It begins with the scene when Michael arrives at his sister Connie’s wedding reception which is presided by their father Don Vito. This scene shows that Michael is not part of the other â€Å"family† his father leads as depicted by him dressed in a military uniform which showed he came from the war. The next scene would be the attempted â€Å"hit† (murder) of Don Vito in the market and a separate scene where Michael’s older brother Sonny was killed. This is followed by the scene where he was mauled by corrupt police officers and another where he is handed a gun by his father’s mafiosi which he would use in a later scene to kill McCluskey, one of the corrupt cops and his father’s rival Sollozzo. His brother’s death and later his father, has thrust him into becoming the head of the â€Å"Family† which is underscored by scenes showing the â€Å"hits† on rival mafia leaders while serving as the godfather of his sister’s son. This is capped with the final scene where he closed the door to his study as he is about to preside over a â€Å"family† meeting with his second wife Kay standing by the doorway. These shots were cut and pasted in a way that it follows a progressive sequence. The seamlessness of the scenes shows rhythm in the editing and the intervals were either minimal or eliminated thereby preserving the momentum on focusing on Michael. The film also makes use of eye-line matches where the audience sees things initially from Don Vito’s perspective, at the beginning and switching to Michael, as it is shown in numerous scenes especially his confrontation with Sollozzo and switches to his wife as shown in the final scene when the door to Michael’s office closes with her looking on which underscored that Michael chose his other â€Å"family† thereby sealing his fate. The baptism scene shows the application of the temporal relationships as it is interspersed with the deaths of rival mafiosi, indicating what was happening at the same time. In conclusion, the use of (continuous) editing helped make the story of The Godfather easy to understand and to appreciate totally as it shows a seamless stringing of scenes that show the rise of Michael Corleone to power. Reference Coppolla, F. F. (Director). (1972). The Godfather [Motion Picture].